1. Inertial Navigation System (INS)

The first significant advance in autonomous missile guiding was the inertial navigation system. Using accelerometers and gyroscopes, this system constantly computes a missile's position, speed, and orientation free from outside references. Originally created in the 1950s, INS gave missiles the capacity to manoeuvre outside of ground control, therefore greatly increasing their dependability in warfare. Since the system doesn't depend on outside signals, its main benefit is tolerance to jamming. Modern INS systems incorporate sophisticated algorithms that offset Earth's rotation and gravitational changes, therefore attaining accuracy within meters over thousands of kilometres.
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